Cell test 2

Quiz: Parts of the Cell

1. What part of the cell is responsible for breaking down and digesting things?
ribosomes
lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
vacuole

2. Identify the organelle pictured.

chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
mitochondria

3. What part of the cell serves as the intracellular highway?
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
cell membrane
mitochondria

4. Which of the following would you NOT find in a bacterial cell?
DNA
cell membrane
golgi apparatus
ribosomes

5. Which of the following is found in plant cells, but not animal cells?
cell wall
vacuole
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum

6. The jellylike interior of the cell is called the:
vacuole
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
nucleus

7. Identify the organelle.

golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
lysosome

8. What part of the cell makes proteins?
ribosomes
mitochondria
lysosomes
vacuole

9. Where are ribosomes usually located in animal and plant cells?
inside the nucleus
near the cell membrane
on the endoplasmic reticulum
inside the vacuole

10. What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins?
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
golgi apparatus

Score =
Correct answers:

credit : http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_cell_parts.html

Cell test 1

Cell Organelles and Their Functions

1. This organelle functions in cellular respiration:
lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
golgi apparatus
2. The organelle functions to package and deliver proteins:
lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
golgi apparatus
3. Cell organelles are located within the ____ of the cell.
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
lysosomes
4. The endoplasmic reticulum functions to:
transport materials
destroy old cell parts
make ribosomes
package proteins
5. Genetic material is contained within the ___ of the cell.
ribosomes
cytoplasm
nucleus
nucleolus
6. This organelle is responsible for destroying worn-out cell parts:
lysosomes
mitochondrion
golgi apparatus
ribosomes
7. The _____ controls what enters and leaves the cell.
mitochondrion
golgi apparatus
nucleus
cell membrane
8. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____ located on it.
lysosomes
cytosol
ribosomes
proteins
9. Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes:
centrosome
nucleolus
lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
10. Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell.
lysosomes
vacuoles
centrioles
ribosomes
Score =
Correct answers:


credit : http://biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_cell.html

DNA structure test

1. A nucleoside is
A nucleotide without sugar
A nucleotide without phosphate
A nucleotide without nitrogenous base
A nucleotide without sugar only
2. The adjacent nucleotides are joined by
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Phosphodiester bond
All of these
3. According to Chargaff’s rule, in a DNA molecule
The amount of Adenine and thymine= The amount of guanine and cytosine
The amount of cytosine and Guanine= The amount of adenine and cytosine
The amount of Adenine and Guanine= The amount of thymine and cytosine
All of these
4. Watson and Cricks double helical DNA is a
A-DNA
B-DNA
Z-DNA
D-DNA
5. The two strands in a DNA double helix are joined by
Hydrogen bonds between sugars
Phosphodiester bonds between sugars
Hydrogen bonds between bases
Phosphodiester bonds between sugars
6. Who all got the Nobel prize for discovering the structure of DNA double helix
Watson and Crick
Watson, Crick and Wilkins
Watson, Crick and Franklin
Watson, Crick and Pauling
7. The diameter of DNA helix is
10 Angstrong
21 Angstrong
1nm
2 nm
8. The distance between two adjacent nucleotide is
6.8 Angstrong
3.4 Angstrong
1.7 Angstrong
10 Angstrong
9. DNA is
Positively charged
Negatively charged
neutral
none of these
10. Which of the following statement is true
The two DNA strands are parallel and complementary
The two DNA strands are anti parallel and non-complementary
The two DNA strands are anti-parallel and complementary
None of these

Score =
Correct answers:


credit : http://www.quizbiology.com/2013/05/biology-quiz-on-dna-structure.html

Enzyme test

1. An enzyme is
lipid
cabrohydrates
protein
nucleic acid
2. An enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by
lowering the energy of activation
increasing the energy of activation
changing the free energy
None of these
3. The function of an enzyme is to
change the directions of reactions
control the equilibrium
change the rates of chemical reactions
All of these
4. The word enzyme was coined by
Kunhe
Koshland
Louis Pasteur
Fischer
5. First enzyme to be isolated in pure crystalline form was
Zymase
Oxygenase
Hexokinase
Urease
6. Which of the following have no enzymes of their own ?
Bacteria
Cynobacteria
Viruses
All of these
7. Proteinaceous nature of enzymes are discovered by
Kunhe
Koshland
Buchner
Sumner
8. Which of the following enzyme is not proteinaceous in nature
Urease
Peptidiase
Ribozyme
Phosphatase
9. Which of the enzyme has highest turn over number?
PEP Carboxylase
Phosphorylase
Lysozyme
Carbonic anhydrase
10. Which of the enzyme has lowest turn over number?
Lysozyme
Carbonic anhydrase
PEP Carboxylase
Phosphorylase

Score =
Correct answers:


credit : http://www.quizbiology.com/2013/05/biology-quiz-on-enzymes.html

Vertebrates

Overview: Half a Billion Years of Backbones

• Early in the Cambrian period, about 530 million years ago, an astonishing variety of invertebrate animals inhabited Earth’s oceans
•  One type of animal gave rise to vertebrates, one of the most successful groups of animals
• The animals called vertebrates get their name from vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the backbone
• One lineage of vertebrates colonized land 365 million years ago
• There are about 52,000 species of vertebrates, including the largest organisms ever to live on the Earth
• Vertebrates have great disparity, a wide range of differences within the group

Concept 1: Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

1. Chordates (phylum Chordata) are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia
2. Chordates comprise all vertebrates and two groups of invertebrates, the urochordates and cephalochordates

Figure 1. Phylogeny of living chordates

Derived Characters of Chordates

• All chordates share a set of derived characters
• Some species have some of these traits only during embryonic development
• Four key characters of chordates
• Notochord
• Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
• Pharyngeal slits or clefts
• Muscular, post-anal tail

Figure 2. Chordate characteristics

Notochord

• The notochord is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
• It provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate
• In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeleton develops, and the adult retains only remnants of the embryonic notochord

Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord

• The nerve cord of a chordate embryo develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord
• The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord

Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts

• In most chordates, grooves in the pharynx called pharyngeal clefts develop into slits that open to the outside of the body
• Functions of pharyngeal slits
• Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
• Gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
• Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods

Muscular, Post-Anal Tail

• Chordates have a tail posterior to the anus
• In many species, the tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development
• The tail contains skeletal elements and muscles
• It provides propelling force in many aquatic species

Lancelets

• Lancelets (Cephalochordata) are named for their bladelike shape
• They are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

Figure 3 The lancelet Branchiostoma, a cephalochordate.

Tunicates

• Tunicates (Urochordata) are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets
• Trunicates most resemble chordates during their larval stage, which may last only a few minutes
• As an adult, a tunicate draws in water through an incurrent siphon, filtering food particles
• When attacked, trunicates, or “sea squirts,” shoot water through their excurrent siphon

Figure 4. A tunicate, a urochordate.

Concept  2 : Craniates are chordates that have a head

1. The origin of a head enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and feeding behaviors
2. Craniates share some characteristics: a skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs

Derived Characters of Craniates

• Craniates have two clusters of Hox genes; lancelets and tunicates have only one cluster
• One feature unique to craniates is the neural crest, a collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo
• Neural crest cells give rise to a variety of structures, including some of the bones and cartilage of the skull
• In aquatic craniates the pharyngeal clefts evolved into gill slits
• Craniates have a higher metabolism and are more muscular than tunicates and lancelets
• Craniates have a heart with at least two chambers, red blood cells with hemoglobin, and kidneys

Reference of data

Campbell Biology, 10/E

Jane B. Reece, Berkeley, California

Lisa A. Urry, Mills College, Oakland, CA

Michael L. Cain, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine

Steven A. Wasserman, University of California, San Diego

Peter V. Minorsky, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, New York

Robert B. Jackson, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

Biochemistry Test # 1

Keroman Style

1. All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT:
starch
glycogen
chitin
cholesterol

2. The structure contains which functional group

aldehyde
ketone
amino
carboxyl

3. Fatty acids that are unsaturated have:
an amino group
a double bond
an excess of protons
a carboxyl group

4. The structure below is a:

monosaccharide
disaccharide
lipid
polymer

5. Which of the following can have a quaternary structure?
fatty acid
protein
polysaccharide
DNA

6. An organic compound is one that:
contains carbon
is slightly acidic
forms long chains
is soluble in water

7. Which of the following elements is the LEAST abundant in living organisms?
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous
sodium

8. Which of the following is used in PET scans?
uranium
ions
isotopes
steroids

9. Carbon can form ___ separate bonds with other elements?
1
2
3
4

10. The cohesion of water is caused by:
ionic bonds
hydrophobic compounds
hydrogen bonds
covalent bonds


Score =
Correct answers:


credit : http://www.biologyjunction.com/quiz_biochem.html

Cell

Bi3 from Kru gobbio

Biochemistry

Biochemistry from Kru gobbio

Phylum Porifera

Characteristics of Phylum Porifera

1.     Multicellular; body an aggregation of several types of cells differentiated for various functions, some of which are organized into incipient tissues of a low level of integration

2.     Body with pores (ostia), canals, and chambers that form a unique system of water currents on which sponges depend for food and oxygen

3.     Mostly marine; all aquatic

4.     Radial symmetry or none

5.     Outer surface of flat pinacocytes; most interior surfaces lined with flagellated collar cells (choanocytes) that create water currents; a gelatinous protein matrix called mesohyl contains amebocytes of various types and skeletal elements

6.     Skeletal structure of fibrillar collagen (a protein) and calcareous or siliceous crystalline spicules, often combined with variously modified collagen (spongin)

7.     No organs or true tissues; digestion intracellular; excretion and respiration by diffusion

8.     Reactions to stimuli apparently local and independent in cellular sponges, but electrical signals in syncytial glass sponges; nervous system probably absent

9.     All adults sessile and attached to substratum

1.     Asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules and sexual reproduction by eggs and sperm; free-swimming flagellated larvae in most

Figure 1. Three types of sponge structure

Figure 2. The structure of sponge

Video 1. The amazing of sponge

Video 2. The feeding of sponge

Classification of Phylum Porifera

1.     Class Calcarea (cal-ca' re-a) (L. calcis, lime) (Calcispongiae). Have spicules of calcium carbonate that often form a fringe around the osculum (main water outlet); spicules needleshaped or three or four rayed; all three types of canal systems (asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid) represented; all marine. Examples: Sycon, Leucosolenia, Clathrina.

Figure 3.  Sycon gelatinosum

Figure 4. Leucosolenia variabilis

Figure 5. Clathrina clathrus

2.     Class Hexactinellida (hex-ak-tin-el' i-da) (Gr. hex, six, " aktis, ray, " L. -ellus, dim. suffi x) (Hyalospongiae). Have six-rayed, siliceous spicules extending at right angles from a central point; spicules often united to form network; body often cylindrical or funnel-shaped; flagellated chambers in simple syconoid or leuconoid arrangement; habitat mostly deep water; all marine. Examples: Venus’ flower basket (Euplectella), Hyalonema.

Figure 6. Euplectella aspergillum

Figure 7. Hyalonema sp.

3.     Class Demospongiae (de-mo-spun' je-e) (Gr. demos, people, " spongos, sponge). Have siliceous spicules that are not six rayed, or spongin, or both; leuconoid-type canal systems; one family found in freshwater; all others marine. Examples: Thenea, Cliona, Spongilla, Myenia, Poterion, Callyspongia, and all bath sponges.

Figure 8. Cliona orientalis

Figure 9. Spongilla lacustris

Figure 10. Callyspongia plicifera

Figure 11. Hippospongia lachn

Figure 12. Bath sponges

Reference of data

Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14/e
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr., Washington and Lee University
Larry S. Roberts, Texas Tech and Florida International University
Susan L. Keen, University of California,
 Davis Allan Larson, Washington University
Helen I'Anson, Washington and Lee University
David J. Eisenhour, Morehead State University

Reference of picture

1. https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/749/flashcards/842749/jpg/porifera-sponges1319045197404.jpg

2. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdaKdI2CsImhpfUwhGbJTdbJUqQvEvgnvJvi39v8Vlxd-J69avArwXIRGD8ZDnE1BEY7i7moCwExH-ZNyt2eMI9Wzu7Fw8VTaEjijeB0a-ndCyXC5dE2zXdQfMZNd8_fuF5jrlbhL4KKlC/s1600/picture21.jpg

3. Campbell Biology 10/E Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky & Jackson

4. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYpJ2pEs1_faDYeyMIs1r497fHXTNUJ_zsUDlR3re_DClH7UeS3KEx1lSOzlVbzdAR8Cf0yA-6yUWi1nNZVPSSmeEV9ehMMHG3b0SFeAjBf51Cn9Y0k02gTTaSppDsfswb2pBnXAysMIsb/s1600/Sycon-gelatinosum.jpg

5. http://www.cibsub.cat/rcs_gene/Leucosolenia_variabilis02.jpg

6. http://www.mer-littoral.org/02/photos-600x400/clathrina-clathrus-b19-17-600x400.jpg

7. http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/700s/expl7520.jpg

8. https://ecomar2010.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/1-small.jpg

9. http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/presse_joerdens/cliona_orientalis_befallt_lebende_koralle.jpg

10. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Spongilla_lacustris.jpg

10. http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch33/33_Purple_Vase_Sponge_Callyspongia_plicifera.jpg

11. https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/94/251334244_6f19485060_z.jpg?zz=1

12. http://www.travelmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/rhodes401.jpg